Wolf Responses to Experimental Human Approaches Using High-Resolution Positioning Data
نویسندگان
چکیده
Humans pose a major mortality risk to wolves. Hence, similar how prey respond predators, wolves can be expected show anti-predator responses humans. When exposed threat, animals may fight, flight, freeze or hide response. The type of response and the circumstances (e.g., distance speed) at which animal flees are useful parameters describe wild approaching Increasing knowledge about behavioral toward humans might improve appropriate management decrease conflicts related fear We did pilot study by conducting 21 approach trials on seven GPS-collared in four territories investigate their experimental human approaches. found that predominantly showed flight ( N = 18), few cases wolf not flee 3), but no were seen heard during trials. downwind observer initiation was significantly larger than when upwind, consistent with hypothesis conditions facilitating early detection would result an earlier flight. Our less intense flights supported, as we correlation between distances speed, straightness Wolves more concealed habitat had shorter all, suggesting perceived have been affected horizontal visibility. Contrary our expectation, resettling positions (larger visibility) wolves’ initial site. Although small number does allow for generalizations, this illustrates standardized high-resolution GPS-data used local scale. In continuation, method applied spatial scales compare within populations across anthropogenic gradients, thus increasing behavior humans, potentially improving coexistence range.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2296-701X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.792916